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Small businesses benefit from Section 179 deduction
Bankrate.com

Typically, if property for business has a useful life of more than one year, the cost must be spread across several tax years as depreciation with a portion of the cost deducted each year. But there is a way to immediately receive these income tax benefits in one tax year. The provisions of Internal Revenue Code Section 179 allow a sole proprietor, partnership or corporation to fully expense tangible property in the year it is purchased.

And in 2003, tax-law changes made this option much more appealing by dramatically increasing -- from $25,000 to $100,000 -- the amount that can be written off immediately.

Eligible property
Property that may be written off in the tax year of purchase, rather than depreciated over the asset's useful life, includes:
- Machinery and equipment
- Furniture and fixtures
- Most storage facilities
- Single-purpose agricultural or horticultural structures

Also, the definition of eligible section 179 property was expanded by the 2003 legislative changes to include off-the-shelf computer software. Previously, it had to be written off over three years.

The IRS says ineligible property includes:
- Buildings and their structural components
- Income-producing property (investment or rental property)
- Property held by an estate or trust
- Property acquired by gift or inheritance
- Property used in a passive activity
- Property purchased from related parties
- Property used outside of the United States

How, when to use deduction
The Section 179 election is made on an item-by-item basis for eligible property. You don't have to use it on all eligible property bought in that year. The election must be made in the tax year the property is first placed in service.

The Section 179 deduction isn't automatic. Taxpayers who want to take the deduction must elect to do so. You make the election by taking your deduction on Form 4562. When you file this form, attach it to either of the following:

- Your original tax return filed for the tax year the property was placed in service, regardless of whether you file it timely.
- An amended return filed by the due date, including extensions, for your return for the tax year the property was placed in service.

Make sure you make the election when you file your original income tax return for that year. You can't later amend your return to elect Section 179. The only exception to this is if you amend your return before the actual due date, including extensions, of your original return.

For example, the maximum extended due date to file your return is Oct. 15. You file your return on Sept. 1 and then realize you didn't utilize the Section 179 deduction. You still have until the Oct. 15 deadline to file an amended tax return to claim the deduction.

Maximum Section 179 deduction increased
Congress periodically reviews the amount a taxpayer can claim as the annual Section 179 amount. As part of an economic stimulus and tax-reduction package signed into law in May 2003, the expense limit was hiked to $100,000.

Lawmakers upped the immediate deduction amount in the hopes it would encourage businesses to invest in new equipment sooner. The bigger deduction is available for tax years 2003, 2004 and 2005.

Any amount of property over the maximum deduction must be depreciated.

Limitation on annual amount of property purchased
There also is a limit on the annual total of deductible property. If the cost of qualifying Section 179 property you put into service in a single tax year (2003 through 2005) now exceeds $400,000 then you can't take the full deduction.

For every dollar above $400,000 that a business owner spends on eligible property, he loses a dollar in deductions. For example, the manufacturer completely re-equipped his facility at a cost of $407,000. This is $7,000 more than allowed, so he must reduce his eligible deductible limit to $93,000: $100,000 minus $7,000.

The limitation amount will be indexed in 2004 and 2005 to reflect the inflation rate.

Deduction limited to taxable income
You have now determined the maximum deduction based on the amount of property purchased during the year. You now must pass the aggregate income hurdle.

Your deduction is limited to your aggregate taxable income from the active conduct of any trade or business. Active trade or business includes employee and spouse's wages, sole proprietorships, partnerships and S corporations. Basically, this means that unless you have other sources of business income, your Section 179 deduction can't create a taxable loss for your business.

More business owners are able to take advantage of the deduction when they combine their company earnings with those of a spouse or money earned in addition to (or before starting) their own company income.

For example, you are someone else's employee for most of the year. Your wages exceed the Section 179 deduction. You start your own business at the end of the year and purchase equipment and furniture. Even if your new business doesn't generate gross income that year, you can still take the Section 179 deduction on the new equipment and furniture. Why? Your wages exceed the Section 179 deduction.

This aspect of inclusion also applies to a spouse. For example, you earn annual wages of $60,000 as an employee. Your spouse doesn't work during the year but begins a new business at the end of the year. Your spouse purchases and places in service $15,000 of Section 179 property at the end of the year. Your spouse's business doesn't generate gross income at the end of the year. Even though your spouse hasn't earned trade or business income for the year, the Section 179 deduction of $15,000 is still allowed in full since your wages count as trade or business income.

Any amounts disallowed by the trade or business taxable income limit are carried over to the next year and added to the cost of any eligible property placed in service in that year. The same rules for maximum deduction, maximum annual investment and taxable income apply to the next tax year as well. .

Conclusion
The tax tip explains the process for using Section 179 to fully expense certain business expenses immediately instead of depreciating them across a period of several years. You should also be aware of less obvious advantages of the Section 179 deduction:
- Lowers adjusted gross income, which could help you qualify for various deductions which are limited by AGI
- Lowers earned income, which can increase your earned income credit
Is allowed in full even if the eligible property is placed in service on the last day of the year

This tip also includes examples that demonstrate the three limits: the maximum dollar limit, the investment limit, and the taxable income limit. By including employment and spousal wages, many taxpayers find they are able to take advantage of this provision.

Are you interested in more information? Refer to Chapter Two of IRS Publication 946: How To Depreciate Property. But be sure to check this link periodically; the IRS will eventually have an updated version online reflecting the 2003 law changes, but it's not yet available.

-- Updated June 26, 2003